
Description
This page has 62 references
"Gallstones" are hardened deposits that develop in the gallbladder when substances like cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin become imbalanced. These stones can block bile flow, leading to upper abdominal pain, nausea, or jaundice. Risk factors include obesity, rapid weight loss, or high-fat diets. Small stones may pass on their own, but larger ones might require medication or surgery. Addressing digestion, improving fat metabolism, and maintaining a balanced diet can help reduce recurrence and support long-term gallbladder and liver health.
Symptoms & Signs
Abdominal Pain, Appetite Loss, Back Pain, Chills, Confusion, Diarrhea, Fever, Itching, Nausea, Pain Right Shoulder, Racing Heartbeat [tachycardia], Vomiting

Gallstones
Body System
Digestive System
Causes
Low-Fiber Diet, High-Cholesterol or High-Fat Diet, Obesity, Rapid Weight Loss, Crohn's Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Certain Medications (e.g. estrogen therapy)
Things To Do
The diet supporting natural gallstone recovery includes:
preferably raw whole foods high in fiber, such as vegetables, fruit, and whole grains.
bitter produce such as dark leafy greens, lemons, beetroots, etc.
foods high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as avocados, nuts, seeds, fish, olive oil, etc.
protein from lean meats or vegetable protein.
anti-inflammatory compounds found in turmeric.
drinking 2 liters of distilled water a day.
Other recommendations include:
During an attack, stay off solid foods and try drinking water, apple juice [no added sugar], or beet juice instead.
To ease the pain, try applying hot castor oil packs.
incorporating a fasting program.
sleeping on your left side. In that way, the gallbladder is not compressed and can perform its functions.
Things To Avoid
Dietary choices that do not support gallstone recovery include:
eating processed, packaged, fried, junk, and fast foods.
consuming sugar and products that contain it.
high-sodium foods.
increased fat intake from meats.
drinking coffee when dealing with gallstones. It can make the symptoms worse.
refined carbohydrates.
eating foods that you are allergic to. Food allergies can contribute to frequent gallstone attacks.
drinking alcohol.
overeating and eating large portions.
Other recommendations include:
Avoid smoking.
Avoid stress, especially the chronic form of stress.
ℹ️ Guidance Note
Not a protocol—each modality is listed individually with references; anecdotes are flagged
Usage rules
-
Use one modality per session within the listed frequency and duration
-
Add new modalities one at a time, week by week
-
Stop immediately if adverse symptoms occur
Combining rules
-
Combine modalities only if explicitly allowed in the entry
-
Avoid overlapping heat or intensive manual therapies on the same day unless specified
-
Use only listed synergies; otherwise do not combine in the same session
Professional Care
-
Follow the fixed safe-use lines where indicated (e.g., acupuncture requires a licensed practitioner)
-
See Global Safety Note below
ℹ️ Guidance Note
Not a protocol—each plant active is listed individually with references; anecdotes are flagged
Introduce gradually
-
Start with one plant active
-
Add one new plant active every 7 days if tolerated
-
Keep ≤2 changes at once
Stacking rules
-
Avoid combining herbs with the same primary Effect
-
Always check for drug–herb interactions and photosensitivity
-
Use only listed synergies; avoid antagonisms or separate by the stated time
Use Window
-
Respect each item’s Timing and Duration caps
-
Patch-test topicals and dilute essential oils to the listed %
-
See Global Safety Note below
Clinician-managed
These options do not replace prescribed care. “Therapeutic Dose” denotes the upper limit (“Up to …”), and “Duration” denotes the Safe Duration cap — at the Recommended Dose you may continue or cycle beyond this window if symptoms persist and no adverse effects occur; at the Therapeutic Dose do not extend without clinician oversight. A clinician may extend or cycle beyond this window with clinical justification. Coordinate changes, lab-guided dosing, cycling, and peri-procedure holds with your clinician, and review drug–nutrient interactions. Use quality-tested products; patch test topicals; dilute essential oils; avoid eyes/mucosa.
Supplements
Direct Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
These supplements directly affect gallstones by promoting bile flow, softening existing stones, or supporting gallbladder function to reduce stone formation.
1. Bile Salts [Purified] 🔗 (view details)
Function: Bile salts aid in dissolving existing gallstones by breaking down cholesterol and fats. They also prevent gallstone formation by emulsifying fats in the digestive system, reducing the likelihood of cholesterol crystallization.
Recommended Dose: 250–1,000 mg/day
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg/day
Form: Capsule
Timing: With meals
Duration: 4–8 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Avoid in complete biliary obstruction; may cause diarrhea or cramping; caution in diarrhea-predominant IBS or bile acid malabsorption; avoid concurrent use with bile-acid sequestrants (e.g., cholestyramine) as they bind bile acids.
2. Lecithin 🔗 (view details)
Function: Lecithin supports bile stability by supplying phosphatidylcholine, a key component that prevents cholesterol crystallization. By emulsifying fats and enhancing bile composition, lecithin helps reduce the risk of gallstone formation and supports overall gallbladder health.
Recommended Dose: 1,200–2,400 mg/day
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 3,600 mg/day
Form: Capsule or powder
Timing: With meals
Duration: Ongoing
Cautions & Safety Notes: Generally safe; may cause mild digestive upset; consider sunflower-derived if soy sensitive.
3. Phosphatidylcholine 🔗 (view details)
Function: Phosphatidylcholine supports bile stability and prevents cholesterol crystallization, reducing the likelihood of gallstone formation and supporting overall bile health.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg/day
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 2,000 mg/day
Form: Capsule or softgel
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Well tolerated; avoid in soy allergy unless sunflower-derived; if stacking with lecithin or other choline donors (alpha-GPC, citicoline, choline salts), count total choline from all sources (PC ≈13% choline; alpha-GPC ≈40%) and keep below the adult UL 3,500 mg/day; monitor for cholinergic effects (sweating, fishy odor, hypotension, GI upset).
4. Taurine 🔗 (view details)
Function: Taurine supports bile acid formation, which is critical for keeping bile fluid and reducing gallstone formation. It helps conjugate bile acids, improving their ability to dissolve fats and prevent cholesterol crystal buildup — one of the main causes of gallstones.
Recommended Dose: 1,000–2,000 mg/day
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 3,000 mg/day
Form: Capsule or powder
Timing: With meals
Duration: Ongoing
Cautions & Safety Notes: May lower blood pressure; caution with antihypertensives.
5. Vitamin C 🔗 (view details)
Function: Vitamin C supports gallbladder health by increasing phospholipid concentrations in bile, which prevents cholesterol from crystallizing and forming gallstones.
Recommended Dose: 1,000–2,000 mg/day (ascorbic acid; divided doses) or 80–160 mg/day (fruit-extract capsules; divided doses)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 3,000 mg/day (ascorbic acid; divided doses) or up to 240 mg/day (fruit-extract capsules; divided doses)
Form: Capsule or powder
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: GI upset/loose stools are more common with ascorbic acid; fruit-extract vitamin C is usually gentler. Kidney-stone history—use caution and hydrate. Vitamin C increases iron absorption—if you have high iron levels or were told to limit iron, check with your clinician. Separate from aluminum-containing antacids by 2 hours.
Indirect Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
These supplements do not target gallstones directly but may support liver health, reduce inflammation, or aid digestion, which can influence gallstone risk.
No replicated and convincing research studies are available, and there is no anecdotal evidence supporting the effectiveness of this method.
Natural Compounds
These natural compounds may help manage gallstones by promoting bile flow, supporting fat metabolism, or easing digestive discomfort associated with gallbladder dysfunction.
1. Psyllium Husk 🔗 (view details)
Function: Psyllium husk, a soluble fiber, helps lower cholesterol levels in bile by binding to cholesterol during digestion, which reduces the risk of gallstone formation and supports regular bowel movements.
Typical Amount: 5,000–10,000 mg (5–10 g; ≈ 1½–3⅓ tsp)
Form & Delivery Method: Powder; mix in water (≈ 200–250 mL, ¾–1 cup) and drink promptly
Timing: With meals
Frequency: 1–2 times/day
Cautions & Safety Notes: Always take with plenty of water to avoid choking or blockage; separate medicines/minerals by 2 hours; may cause gas/bloating—start low and increase; can lower blood sugar—monitor if on antidiabetics; avoid stacking full doses with other bulking/gel fibers at the same time (e.g., glucomannan, guar, methylcellulose, large inulin doses); history of bowel obstruction or swallowing difficulty: clinician guidance.
2. Lemon Juice 🔗 (view details)
Function: Lemon juice or lime juice, high in d-limonene, helps dissolve cholesterol-based gallstones by breaking down cholesterol deposits and enhancing bile flow.
Typical Amount: 15–30 mL/day (≈ 1–2 tbsp) diluted in 60–120 mL water (¼–½ cup)
Form & Delivery Method: Fluid; mix in water; use a straw; rinse mouth afterward; wait 30 min before brushing
Timing: With meals
Frequency: 1–2 times/day
Cautions & Safety Notes: May worsen acute reflux or esophagitis—introduce cautiously; enamel erosion risk—use a straw and rinse; not for acute gallstone attacks or jaundice—seek medical care; adjunct only for gout/kidney-stone care per clinician guidance; discontinue if hypersensitivity.
3. Apple Cider Vinegar 🔗 (view details)
Function: Apple cider vinegar, based on anecdotal evidence, may help alleviate gallstone pain and potentially dissolve gallstones due to its acidic nature, which supports digestion and helps break down cholesterol-rich substances in the bile.
Typical Amount: 15–30 mL/day (≈ 1–2 tbsp)
Form & Delivery Method: Fluid; dilute in water (≈ 60–120 mL, ¼–½ cup); use a straw
Timing: With meals
Frequency: 1–2 times/day
Cautions & Safety Notes: Always dilute (never undiluted) to protect throat and tooth enamel; rinse mouth after and wait 30 min before brushing; may lower blood sugar—monitor if using antidiabetic medicines or insulin; excessive or long-term use may lower potassium; may worsen acute reflux or esophagitis—introduce cautiously; discontinue if burning, pain, or hypersensitivity.
4. Castor Oil 🔗 (view details)
Function: Castor oil packs placed over the gallbladder area are believed to reduce inflammation and stimulate lymphatic flow, indirectly supporting gallbladder function. This is a traditional remedy and its use is anecdotal.
Typical Amount: 15–30 mL per application to saturate cloth
Form & Delivery Method: Topical; apply saturated cloth to target area, cover with barrier and gentle heat 30–60 min, then cleanse skin
Timing: After cleansing
Frequency: 3–5 times/week for 4–8 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: External use only; patch test first; avoid broken skin, active infection, or heat over inflamed abdomen; risk of irritation or burns with heat; stop if pain worsens, fever, jaundice, or acute abdominal signs—seek medical care; avoid during heavy menstrual bleeding.
Plant Actives
Direct Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
These plant extracts directly support gallstone relief by stimulating bile secretion, relaxing bile ducts, or helping break down cholesterol-based stones.
1. Chanca Piedra Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Chanca piedra has been traditionally used to dissolve gallstones by breaking down their structure, which may assist in their removal and prevent recurrence.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg (capsule) or 1–2 mL (tincture; ≈ 20–40 drops)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg (capsule) or 3 mL (tincture; ≈ 60 drops)
Form & Preparation: Capsule or tincture
Timing: Empty stomach
Duration: 4–8 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: May lower blood pressure or blood sugar—use caution with antihypertensives or diabetes medications. Possible additive diuretic effect. Stomach upset possible. Discontinue if hypersensitivity.
2. Ginger Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Ginger promotes cholesterol conversion into bile acids, improving bile flow and reducing cholesterol levels in the gallbladder, which may help prevent gallstone formation.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg (capsule) or 1–2 mL (tincture; ≈ 20–40 drops)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg (capsule) or 3 mL (tincture; ≈ 60 drops)
Form & Preparation: Capsule or tincture
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Heartburn possible in some—reduce dose or discontinue if reflux worsens; may increase bleeding risk—use caution with anticoagulants/antiplatelets; may lower blood sugar—monitor if using antidiabetic medicines; use caution with gallstones or biliary obstruction; stop 7 days before surgery; discontinue if hypersensitivity.
3. Garlic Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Garlic contains allium, which helps reduce excess cholesterol in bile and increases bile acid production, preventing cholesterol from crystallizing and forming gallstones.
Recommended Dose: 600–1,200 mg
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 2,400 mg
Form & Preparation: Capsule
Timing: With meals
Duration: Ongoing
Cautions & Safety Notes: Increased bleeding risk—use caution with blood thinners; stop 7 days before surgery; may lower blood pressure or blood sugar—monitor if on related medicines; heartburn or stomach upset possible; discontinue if rash or hives.
4. Beetroot Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Beetroot, rich in betaine, supports liver health and enhances bile flow, which helps break down fats and may prevent cholesterol buildup in the gallbladder, reducing the risk of gallstone formation.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg
Form & Preparation: Capsule
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: May lower blood pressure—use caution with blood-pressure medicines; high-oxalate—use caution if you form calcium oxalate kidney stones; may cause harmless red/pink urine or stools; stomach upset possible.
5. Artichoke Leaf Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Artichoke stimulates bile production, which aids in fat digestion and prevents cholesterol buildup, helping reduce the risk of gallstone formation and supporting gallbladder health.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg (2.5–5% caffeoylquinic acids) (capsule) or 2–4 mL (tincture; ≈ 40–80 drops)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg (2.5–5% caffeoylquinic acids) (capsule) or 6 mL (tincture; ≈ 120 drops)
Form & Preparation: Capsule or tincture
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Avoid with bile duct obstruction; use caution with gallstones due to choleretic effect; Asteraceae (ragweed) allergy risk; possible GI upset or headache; discontinue if hypersensitivity.
6. Black Radish Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Black radish stimulates bile production, supporting fat digestion and preventing cholesterol buildup in the gallbladder, which may reduce the risk of gallstone formation.
Recommended Dose: 400–1,000 mg (capsule) or 1–2 mL (tincture; ≈ 20–40 drops)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 2,250 mg (capsule) or 3 mL (tincture; ≈ 60 drops)
Form & Preparation: Capsule or tincture
Timing: With meals
Duration: 4–8 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Gallstones—use cautiously; start low and stop if biliary colic. Avoid in biliary obstruction or acute cholecystitis. GI cramping possible. Thyroid disease—use caution due to goitrogenic potential; ensure adequate iodine.
7. Curcumin 🔗 (view details)
Function: Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, stimulates bile production and enhances bile flow (choleretic effect). It may help prevent the stagnation and concentration of bile that leads to gallstone formation.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg
Form & Preparation: Capsule
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: May increase bleeding risk—use caution with blood thinners and stop 1–2 weeks before surgery; avoid in bile duct obstruction and use caution with gallstones; may lower blood sugar—monitor if using diabetes medicines; black pepper extracts (piperine) can increase absorption and affect medicine levels; possible stomach upset or reflux.
Indirect Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
These extracts do not act directly on gallstones but may support digestive function, liver detoxification, or systemic inflammation control.
1. Peppermint Oil 🔗 (view details)
Function: Peppermint oil stimulates bile production and flow, which may ease pressure in the bile ducts and reduce the risk of gallstone-related blockages.
Recommended Dose: 180–360 mg
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 540 mg
Form & Preparation: Enteric-coated softgel
Timing: Empty stomach
Duration: 4–6 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: May worsen heartburn/GERD; do not use essential oil drops orally—use labeled enteric-coated capsules only; discontinue if rash or GI irritation.
2. Milk Thistle Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Milk thistle supports liver health and promotes bile production, which may prevent cholesterol from crystallizing into gallstones, according to anecdotal evidence.
Recommended Dose: 250–500 mg (70–80% silymarin)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 700 mg (70–80% silymarin)
Form & Preparation: Capsule
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Allergy to ragweed/Asteraceae; may lower blood glucose—monitor if using antidiabetic drugs; may affect levels of certain medicines processed by the liver (e.g., anti-rejection drugs); mild GI upset or headache possible.
3. Dandelion Root Extract 🔗 (view details)
Function: Dandelion root, based on anecdotal evidence, stimulates bile production and flow, which aids in the breakdown of fats and may reduce the risk of cholesterol buildup, helping to prevent gallstone formation.
Recommended Dose: 500–1,000 mg (capsule) or 5–10 mL (tincture; ≈ 100–200 drops)
Therapeutic Dose: Up to 1,500 mg (capsule) or 12 mL (tincture; ≈ 240 drops)
Form & Preparation: Capsule or tincture
Timing: With meals
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Asteraceae (ragweed) allergy; avoid in bile duct obstruction or acute gallstone colic; gallstones—seek medical evaluation first and use only with clinician approval; diuretic effect—use caution with diuretics or lithium; may lower blood sugar—monitor if using antidiabetic medicines; alcohol-based tincture—consider glycerite if avoiding alcohol; discontinue if GI upset or rash.
Alternative Treatments
These alternative therapies support gallbladder health, enhance bile movement, and promote internal balance that may reduce gallstone formation.
1. Ayurveda 🔗 (view details)
Function: Ayurvedic treatments, using herbs like Kalamegha and Kutki, promote liver function and bile production, potentially aiding in the breakdown of gallstones and supporting the management of cholelithiasis.
Safe & Effective Use: Initial consult; individualized diet and herb plan; daily routine
Session Frequency: Daily home practice; practitioner follow-up every 2–4 weeks
Duration: 8–12 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Herb–drug interactions are possible—ask your doctor or pharmacist. Use quality-controlled products tested for heavy metals. Intensive detox (Panchakarma) needs clinician supervision due to dehydration/electrolyte risks. Stop herbal formulas 7 days before surgery if they may affect bleeding. Discontinue if hypersensitivity.
2. Acupuncture 🔗 (view details)
Function: Acupuncture stimulates points like GB34 (Yanglingquan) near the knee and ST36 (Zusanli) just below the knee, which may enhance biliary system motility, helping reduce the formation of gallstones and alleviating associated symptoms.
Safe & Effective Use: Licensed practitioner; sterile single-use needles; 30 min/session.
Session Frequency: 1–2 sessions/week
Duration: 4–8 weeks
Cautions & Safety Notes: Increased bleeding risk—use caution with anticoagulants or bleeding disorders; avoid needling over infection, open wounds, or active rash; pregnancy—avoid contraindicated points; implanted devices—avoid electroacupuncture over pacemakers/ICDs; recent surgery or lymphedema—practitioner guidance required.
Global Safety Note
ℹ️ Guidance Note
Not a protocol—each supplement is listed individually with references; anecdotes are flagged
Introduce gradually
-
Start with one supplement
-
Add one new supplement every 3–7 days if tolerated
-
Keep ≤3 changes at once
Stacking rules
-
Don’t combine supplements with the same primary Effect
-
Use only listed synergies; avoid antagonisms or separate by the stated time
-
Track total exposure when items share an active or pathway (e.g., melatonin, zinc)
Use Window
-
Respect each item’s Timing and Duration caps
-
Stop early once goals are met; re-evaluate at 8–12 weeks
-
See Global Safety Note below
ℹ️ Guidance Note
Not a protocol—each natural compound is listed individually with references; anecdotes are flagged
Introduce gradually
-
Start with one natural compound
-
Add one new compound every 3–7 days if tolerated
-
Keep ≤2 changes at once
Stacking rules
-
Don’t combine compounds with the same primary Effect
-
Use only listed synergies; avoid antagonisms or separate by the stated time
-
Track total exposure when compounds share an active or pathway (e.g., organic acids like ACV, alkalizers like sodium bicarbonate, metal ions like colloidal silver)
Use Window
-
Respect each item’s Timing and Duration caps
-
Always patch-test topical applications
-
Do not layer potential irritants on the same area
-
Stop at first signs of irritation or intolerance
-
See Global Safety Note below
Direct / Indirect Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
Direct / Indirect Support
(Most Helpful → Least Helpful)
Functional Lab Tests You May Wish to Explore
Currently, no functional lab tests aligned with our integrative and natural health standards are available for this condition. Once reliable tests are identified and validated, we will review and feature them here.
Books Worth Considering for Deeper Insight
Currently, no high-quality books meeting our functional, integrative, and natural healing standards are available for this condition. As soon as trusted resources are published, we will review and feature them here.
Podcasts That Offer Valuable Perspectives
Currently, no high-quality podcast episodes meeting our functional, integrative, and natural healing standards are available for this condition. We will review and feature trusted resources here as soon as they become available.
Educational Videos To Learn From
Currently, no high-quality podcast episodes meeting our functional, integrative, and natural healing standards are available for this condition. We will review and feature trusted resources here as soon as they become available.
How Key Nutrients Support the Body
Herbal Extracts: Herbal extracts contain bioactive compounds with various medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects. They have been used traditionally to support digestion, immunity, and overall health.
Other Nutrients: Other nutrients encompass a wide array of essential compounds crucial for various physiological functions. This category includes neurotransmitters and their precursors, which facilitate nerve signaling and are vital for central nervous system function. Additionally, naturally occurring structural components and biological detergents, such as phospholipids and bile salts, play critical roles in tissue repair, fat digestion, and overall bodily function. Phospholipids contribute to cell membrane integrity and fat emulsification, while bile salts are key to digesting and absorbing dietary fats. Hormones and their precursors regulate numerous physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Furthermore, naturally occurring chemicals and metals play pivotal roles in enzymatic reactions, immune function, and overall health maintenance.
Vitamins: Vitamins are essential micronutrients that play diverse roles in supporting cellular processes, immune function, and overall health. They must be obtained through diet or supplementation to ensure proper bodily function.
References
[1] MacKay C. Bile salts and gallstone disease. Br J Surg. 1975 62: 505-512.
[2] Chen Y, Kong J, Wu S. Cholesterol gallstone disease: focusing on the role of gallbladder. Lab Invest. 2015 95, 124–131.
[3] Iqbal MN, Iqbal MA, Javaid R, Abbas MW. Gall stones: a fundamental clinical review. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2019, Vol 7, Issue 7.
[4] Ellis H. Surgical progress 1975. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 1976, 52, 605, (113-129).
[5] Yamamoto R, Tazuma S, Kanno K, et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid after bile duct stone removal and risk factors for recurrence: a randomized trial. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci. 2016;23(2):132-136.
[6] Rosenak BD, Kohlstaedt KG. Bile salt therapy in liver and gall bladder disease. American Journal of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition 3, 577–580 (1936).
[7] Admirand WH, Small DM. The physicochemical basis of cholesterol gallstone formation in man [J Clin Invest 1968;47:1043–1052] Commentary by: Hofmann AF. Journal of Hepatology, Volume 41, Issue 2, 195 - 200.
[8] Redinger RN, Small DM. Bile Composition, Bile Salt Metabolism and Gallstones. Arch Intern Med. 1972;130(4):618–630.
[9] Klinkspoor JH, Kuver R, Savard CE, Oda D, Azzouz H, Tytgat GNJ, Groen AK, Lee SP. Model bile and bile salts accelerate mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Gastroenterology. 1995, Vol 109, Issue 1, pp 264-274.
[10] Strasberg SM et al. The effect of biliary tract pressure on bile flow, bile salt secretion, and bile salt synthesis in the primate. Surgery. 1971, Vol 70, Issue 1,pp 140 - 146.
[11] Zhou T, Zhang YJ, Xu DP, et al. Protective Effects of Lemon Juice on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7463571.
[12] Abdel-Salam OM, Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Morsy SM, Omara EA, Sleem AA. Citric acid effects on brain and liver oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. J Med Food. 2014;17(5):588-598.
[13] Zhou T, Zhang YJ, Xu DP, et al. Protective Effects of Lemon Juice on Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:7463571.
[14] Minato K, Miyake Y, Fukumoto S, et al. Lemon flavonoid, eriocitrin, suppresses exercise-induced oxidative damage in rat liver. Life Sci. 2003;72(14):1609-1616.
[15] Bekkouch O, Dalli M, Harnafi M, et al. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Lemon (Citrus limon L.) Juices as Preventive Agents from Chronic Liver Damage Induced by CCl4: A Biochemical and Histological Study. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(2):390. Published 2022 Feb 15.
[16] Fukuchi Y, Hiramitsu M, Okada M, et al. Lemon Polyphenols Suppress Diet-induced Obesity by Up-Regulation of mRNA Levels of the Enzymes Involved in beta-Oxidation in Mouse White Adipose Tissue. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2008;43(3):201-209.
[17] Sahebkar A. Potential efficacy of ginger as a natural supplement for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(2):271-272.
[18] Alsahli MA, Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, et al. 6-Gingerol, a Major Ingredient of Ginger Attenuates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Injury in Rats through the Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Mediators Inflamm. 2021;2021:6661937. Published 2021 Jan 19.
[19] Rahimlou M, Yari Z, Hekmatdoost A, Alavian SM, Keshavarz SA. Ginger Supplementation in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Hepat Mon. 2016;16(1):e34897. Published 2016 Jan 23.
[20] Abdel-Azeem AS, Hegazy AM, Ibrahim KS, Farrag AR, El-Sayed EM. Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and ameliorative effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and vitamin E in acetaminophen treated rats. J Diet Suppl. 2013;10(3):195-209.
[21] Kim BH, Jung SH, Jung S. Beet root (Beta vulgaris) protects lipopolysaccharide and alcohol-induced liver damage in rat [published correction appears in Toxicol Res. 2020 Jun 16;36(3):283]. Toxicol Res. 2020;36(3):275-282. Published 2020 Apr 1.
[22] Krajka-Kuźniak V, Paluszczak J, Szaefer H, Baer-Dubowska W. Betanin, a beetroot component, induces nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2-mediated expression of detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human liver cell lines. Br J Nutr. 2013;110(12):2138-2149.
[23] Váli L, Stefanovits-Bányai E, Szentmihályi K, et al. Liver-protecting effects of table beet (Beta vulgaris var. rubra) during ischemia-reperfusion. Nutrition. 2007;23(2):172-178.
[24] Hegedüs V, Gerö D, Mihály Z, Szijártó A, Zelles T, Sárdi E. Alimentáris eredetű kísérletes zsírmáj és adjuváns kezelése természetes eredetű bioaktív hatóanyagokkal [Experimental food-induced fatty liver and its adjuvant therapy with natural bioactive substances]. Orv Hetil. 2011;152(26):1035-1042.
[25] Zhang S, Gu Y, Wang L, et al. Association between dietary raw garlic intake and newly diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019;181(6):591-602.
[26] Panjeshahin A, Mollahosseini M, Panbehkar-Jouybari M, Kaviani M, Mirzavandi F, Hosseinzadeh M. Effects of garlic supplementation on liver enzymes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res. 2020;34(8):1947-1955.
[27] Sangouni AA, Mohammad Hosseini Azar MR, Alizadeh M. Effect of garlic powder supplementation on hepatic steatosis, liver enzymes and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. Br J Nutr. 2020;124(4):450-456.
[28] Gedik N, Kabasakal L, Sehirli O, et al. Long-term administration of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) alleviates liver fibrosis and oxidative damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Life Sci. 2005;76(22):2593-2606.
[29] Guan MJ, Zhao N, Xie KQ, Zeng T. Hepatoprotective effects of garlic against ethanol-induced liver injury: A mini-review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;111:467-473.
[30] Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Effect of dietary garlic and onion on biliary proteins and lipid peroxidation which influence cholesterol nucleation in bile. Steroids. 2010;75(3):272-281.
[31] Vidyashankar S, Sambaiah K, Srinivasan K. Regression of preestablished cholesterol gallstones by dietary garlic and onion in experimental mice. Metabolism. 2010;59(10):1402-1412.
[32] Mahmoud MF, Zakaria S, Fahmy A. Aqueous garlic extract alleviates liver fibrosis and renal dysfunction in bile-duct-ligated rats. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2014;69(3-4):133-141.
[33] Evans M, Guthrie N, El-Khodor BF, Metzger B, Varadharaj S. A Whole-Food-Based Health Product (A-F Betafood®) Improves Gallbladder Function in Humans at Risk of Gallbladder Insufficiency: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):540. Published 2020 Feb 20.
[34] Chen L, Zhu Y, Hu Z, Wu S, Jin C. Beetroot as a functional food with huge health benefits: Antioxidant, antitumor, physical function, and chronic metabolomics activity. Food Sci Nutr. 2021;9(11):6406-6420. Published 2021 Sep 9.
[35] Nijhawan S, Agarwal V, Sharma D, Rai RR. Evaluation of garlic oil as a contact dissolution agent for gallstones: comparison with monooctanoin. Trop Gastroenterol. 2000;21(4):177-179.
[36] Gaby AR. Nutritional approaches to prevention and treatment of gallstones. Alternative medicine review. 2009 Sep 1;14(3):258.
[37] Walcher T, Haenle MM, Kron M, Hay B, Mason RA, Walcher D, Steinbach G, Kern P, Piechotowski I, Adler G, Boehm BO. Vitamin C supplement use may protect against gallstones: an observational study on a randomly selected population. BMC gastroenterology. 2009 Dec;9:1-9.
[38] Barros ME, Lima R, Mercuri LP, Matos JR, Schor N, Boim MA. Effect of extract of Phyllanthus niruri on crystal deposition in experimental urolithiasis. Urol Res. 2006;34(6):351-357.
[39] Barros ME, Schor N, Boim MA. Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllantus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Urol Res. 2003;30(6):374-379.
[40] Kirchhoff R, Beckers CH, Kirchhoff GM, Trinczek-Gärtner H, Petrowicz O, Reimann HJ. Increase in choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine. 1994 Sep 1;1(2):107-15.
[41] Rodriguez TS, Giménez DG, De la Puerta Vázquez R. Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats. Phytomedicine. 2002 Jan 1;9(8):687-93.
[42] Kirchhoff R et al. Artichoke extract increases bile flow. Phytomedicine. 1994;1(2):107-115.
[42] Everson GT, Daggy BP, McKinley C, Story JA. Effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid on LDL-cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in hypercholesterolemic men. Journal of lipid research. 1992 Aug 1;33(8):1183-92.
[43] Trautwein EA, Kunath-Rau A, Erbersdobler HF. Increased fecal bile acid excretion and changes in the circulating bile acid pool are involved in the hypocholesterolemic and gallstone-preventive actions of psyllium in hamsters. The Journal of nutrition. 1999 Apr 1;129(4):896-902.
[44] Zong L, Qu Y, Luo DX, Zhu ZY, Zhang S, Su Z, Shan JC, Gao XP, Lu LG. Preliminary experimental research on the mechanism of liver bile secretion stimulated by peppermint oil. Journal of digestive diseases. 2011 Aug;12(4):295-301.
[45] Vo LT, Chan D, King RG. Investigation of the effects of peppermint oil and valerian on rat liver and cultured human liver cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2003;30(10):799-804.
[46] Min BI, Kim JH, Cho YW, Lee SK, Kim MH. Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture on biliary system motility. InInternational congress series 2002 Aug 1 (Vol. 1238, pp. 157-162). Elsevier.
[47] Wang H, Wang C. Acupuncture and Biliary Function Regulation: A Mini-Review. J Gstro Hepato.;9:1-7.
[48] Ayu RB, Kumar DS, Babu PS. A CASE STUDY ON AYURVEDIC MANAGEMENT OF GALL STONES (CHOLELITHIASIS).
[49] Kumbar PA, Singh G, Rajput L. An Ayurvedic Management of Cholelithiasis-A Case Report. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine.;12(2):379-82.
[50] Castro‐Torres IG, De la O‐Arciniega M, Gallegos‐Estudillo J, Naranjo‐Rodríguez EB, Domínguez‐Ortíz MÁ. Raphanus sativus L. var niger as a source of Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Cholesterol Gallstones. Phytotherapy Research. 2014 Feb 4;2(28):167-71.
[51] Castro-Torres IG, DE LA O-ARCINIEGA M, Martínez-Vázquez M. Two glucosinolates and their effects related to the prevention of cholesterol gallstones: A Review. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas. 2014;13(1):1-9.
[52] Hofmann AF. Phosphatidylcholine in bile: essential roles in bile formation and prevention of bile acid toxicity. Hepatology. 2004;39(2):613-624.
[53] van Erpecum KJ. Role of biliary phospholipids in gallstone prevention. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1999;1441(2-3):117-131.
[54] van Erpecum KJ, Stolk MF, van Berge-Henegouwen GP. Lecithin and cholesterol crystal formation in gallstone disease: Studies in a bile salt-independent model system. Gastroenterology. 1996;110(1):103-111.
[55] Small DM. Role of lecithin in the stabilization of cholesterol in bile. Clin Invest. 1971;50(4):124-130.
[56] Holzbach RT, Marsh M, Holan KR. Lecithin-phosphatidylcholine effect on gallbladder bile cholesterol solubility in cholelithiasis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1981;3(4):287-295.
[57] Portincasa P, van de Meeberg PC, van Erpecum KJ, et al. Effect of lecithin on biliary lipid secretion and bile acid composition in gallstone patients. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(9):2023-2028.
[58] Boyer JL, O'Leary JJ, Carey MC. Lecithin-phosphatidylcholine emulsification properties in bile: Implications for gallstone prevention. Hepatology. 1985;5(2):219-228.
[59] YAMANAKA Y, TSUJI K, ICHIKAWA T, NAKAGAWA Y, KAWAMURA M. Effect of dietary taurine on cholesterol gallstone formation and tissue cholesterol contents in mice. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 1985;31(2):225-32.
[60] Tagawa R, Kobayashi M, Sakurai M, Yoshida M, Kaneko H, Mizunoe Y, Nozaki Y, Okita N, Sudo Y, Higami Y. Long-term dietary taurine lowers plasma levels of cholesterol and bile acids. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022 Feb 4;23(3):1793.
[61] Li Y, Li M, Wu S, Tian Y. Combination of curcumin and piperine prevents formation of gallstones in C57BL6 mice fed on lithogenic diet: whether NPC1L1/SREBP2 participates in this process?. Lipids in health and disease. 2015 Dec;14:1-8.
[62] Panjehshahin MR, Owji AA, Mehrabani D, Mirzaee M, Vasei M. Effect of curcumin on cholesterol gall-stone induction in rats. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2003 Mar 1;23(1):75-80.
Medical Disclaimer
The information provided above is for general educational purposes and is intended to support individuals seeking to better understand natural options for managing specific health concerns. It includes guidance on supplements, plant extracts, natural compounds, and alternative therapies.
This content is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease and should not be used as a substitute for personalized medical advice. Individual needs may vary based on diagnosis, medication use, or underlying health conditions.
Always consult a qualified healthcare practitioner before starting any new supplement, remedy, or therapeutic approach—especially if you have a medical condition, take prescription medications, or are pregnant or breastfeeding.
Use of any protocols or products discussed is at the sole discretion and risk of the individual.